Grammar 音标拼音: [gr'æmɚ]
n . 语法,基本原理
语法,基本原理
grammar 文法
grammar 文法
grammar n 1 :
the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (
and sometimes also deals with semantics )
Grammar \
Gram "
mar \,
v .
i .
To discourse according to the rules of grammar ;
to use grammar . [
Obs .] --
Beau . &
Fl .
[
1913 Webster ]
Grammar \
Gram "
mar \,
n . [
OE .
gramere ,
OF .
gramaire ,
F .
grammaire Prob .
fr .
L .
gramatica Gr ?,
fem .
of ?
skilled in grammar ,
fr . ?
letter .
See {
Gramme }, {
Graphic },
and cf . {
Grammatical },
{
Gramarye }.]
1 .
The science which treats of the principles of language ;
the study of forms of speech ,
and their relations to one another ;
the art concerned with the right use and application of the rules of a language ,
in speaking or writing .
[
1913 Webster ]
Note :
The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying of words according to their function in the sentence .
--
Bain .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
The art of speaking or writing with correctness or according to established usage ;
speech considered with regard to the rules of a grammar .
[
1913 Webster ]
The original bad grammar and bad spelling .
--
Macaulay .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 .
A treatise on the principles of language ;
a book containing the principles and rules for correctness in speaking or writing .
[
1913 Webster ]
4 .
treatise on the elements or principles of any science ;
as ,
a grammar of geography .
[
1913 Webster ]
{
Comparative grammar },
the science which determines the relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing their grammatical forms .
{
Grammar school }.
(
a )
A school ,
usually endowed ,
in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught ,
as also other studies preparatory to colleges or universities ;
as ,
the famous Rugby Grammar School .
This use of the word is more common in England than in the United States .
[
1913 Webster ]
When any town shall increase to the number of a hundred families or householders ,
they shall set up a grammar school ,
the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the University . --
Mass .
Records (
1647 ).
(
b )
In the American system of graded common schools ,
at one time the term referred to an intermediate school between the primary school and the high school ,
in which the principles of English grammar were taught ;
now ,
it is synonymous with {
primary school }
or {
elementary school },
being the first school at which children are taught subjects required by the state educational laws .
In different communities ,
the grammar school (
primary school )
may have grades 1 to 4 ,
1 to 6 ,
or 1 to 8 ,
usually together with a kindergarten .
Schools between the primary school and high school are now commonly termed {
middle school }
or {
intermediate school }.
[
1913 Webster PJC ]
83 Moby Thesaurus words for "
grammar ":
abecedarium ,
abecedary ,
alphabet ,
alphabet book ,
basics ,
battledore ,
bowwow theory ,
casebook ,
choice of words ,
comparative linguistics ,
composition ,
derivation ,
descriptive linguistics ,
dialect ,
dialectology ,
diction ,
dingdong theory ,
elements ,
etymology ,
exercise book ,
expression ,
first principles ,
first steps ,
formulation ,
fundamentals ,
glossematics ,
glossology ,
glottochronology ,
glottology ,
gradus ,
graphemics ,
historical linguistics ,
hornbook ,
idiom ,
induction ,
language ,
language study ,
lexicology ,
lexicostatistics ,
linguistic geography ,
linguistic science ,
linguistics ,
locution ,
manual ,
manual of instruction ,
mathematical linguistics ,
morphology ,
morphophonemics ,
outlines ,
paleography ,
parlance ,
philology ,
phonetics ,
phonology ,
phrase ,
phraseology ,
phrasing ,
primer ,
principia ,
principles ,
psycholinguistics ,
reader ,
rhetoric ,
rudiments ,
schoolbook ,
semantics ,
sociolinguistics ,
speech ,
speller ,
spelling book ,
structuralism ,
syntactics ,
t ,
talk ,
text ,
transformational linguistics ,
usage ,
use of words ,
usus loquendi ,
verbiage ,
wordage ,
wording ,
workbook A formal definition of the syntactic structure (the
syntax }) of a language .
A grammar is normally represented as a set of {production
rules } which specify the order of constituents and their
sub -constituents in a {sentence } (a well -formed string in the
language ). Each rule has a left -hand side symbol naming a
syntactic category (e .g . "noun -phrase " for a {natural
language } grammar ) and a right -hand side which is a sequence
of zero or more symbols . Each symbol may be either a
terminal symbol } or a non -terminal symbol . A terminal symbol
corresponds to one "{lexeme }" - a part of the sentence with no
internal syntactic structure (e .g . an identifier or an
operator in a computer language ). A non -terminal symbol is
the left -hand side of some rule .
One rule is normally designated as the top -level rule which
gives the structure for a whole sentence .
A {parser } (a kind of {recogniser }) uses a grammar to parse a
sentence , assigning a terminal syntactic category to each
input token and a non -terminal category to each appropriate
group of tokens , up to the level of the whole sentence .
Parsing is usually preceded by {lexical analysis }. The
opposite , generation , starts from the top -level rule and
chooses one alternative production wherever there is a choice .
In computing , a formal grammar , e .g . in {BNF }, can be used to
parse } a linear input stream , such as the {source code } of a
program , into a data structure that expresses the (or a )
meaning of the input in a form that is easier for the computer
to work with . A {compiler compiler } like {yacc } might be used
to convert a grammar into code for the parser of a {compiler }.
A grammar might also be used by a {transducer }, a {translator }
or a {syntax directed editor }.
See also {attribute grammar }.
2009 -02 -06 )
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